Managerial Accounting Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Managerial Accounting Case Analysis EssayCompare assigned embodys per product under both method actings. Why has Activity-based cost changed the total costs assigned to each product?By comparing the two cost assigned methods, there are some differences existed Unit crossway Cost Gad dies Smidgets Smadgets Smadgets Traditional Costing Method 400 1,000 1,350 850Activity-Based Costing Method 590 1,100 760 1,250Overhead Cost Widgets Gadgets Smidgets SmadgetsTraditional Costing Method 200,000 600,000 800,000 400,000 Activity-Based Costing Method 390,000 600,000 210,000 800,000I deduct the main reason for that areTraditional Costing Method use the Overhead Rate (200% of direct labor) and the Activity-Base Costing Method just use the Overhead Cost Drives. As for Traditional Costing Method, the company just accumulate costs into a cost center (Three kinds of costs manager material, director labor, Manufacturing Overhead) , and the Manufacturing overhead just equals the director labor multiply by 200% , the Overhead Rate. These three kind of costs added together we got the total cost, and the total cost divided by the each unit built, we get the final unit product cost, I think it is a rough calculating impact. The result depends on the direct labor hours and regardless of any other elements, if direct labor dose not account for a larger portion of the product, the result leave not be accurate.In terms of Activity-based costing method, the company use Overhead Cost Drives (There are three allocation bases in the ABC method depreciation, machine set-up and rent). The Overhead expense just use cost drivers (Such as Machine hours, Set-up hours and Rent) to apply the costs on the products. On the basis of these three, we can get the Overhead cost drives Pool Rate, and we also get the actual Cost Driver Quantity for Product Line, and finally we can fill in what is the exact Activity Cost for Product Line with respect products, finally, we got the total ABC Overhea d cost for thethree products. So I think this allocating process is more accurate, because it use the Cost drives into different part in detail.

Life Style Inventory Essay Example for Free

Life Style Inventory EssayAs I estimate at my results from the Life Style Inventory my primary meaning style that I scored the highest in was the affiliative style at 83%. As I looked deeper at this style it fit me to a tee. I expression always been warm and sincere because I always try to see the best in different hoi polloi. My interpersonal relations with peers and subordinates alike puddle allowed me to be trusted and liked by others. This has friended me to be both diplomatic and tactful in my decisions as a manager. My genuine concern for people and readiness to accept change easily has placed me in a leadership position many times and because I am able to listen and smell out that people argon more important than things.Next we will be looking at my computer patronage personal hypothesiseing style and I had a two way tie between Self- Actualization and Humanistic- Encouraging at 75%. In the Humanistic-Encouragement idea style I love to teach and enjoy shari ng greetledge with others. I am very supportive of others and encourage others to strive for excellence and to think for themselves. As a good listener I am supportive of others and always willing to take time with people. Now with Self-Actualization I am a creative thinker and can communicate easily and very aware of my own feelings.I tend to be optimistic and realistic with my judgments and I have a high level of personal integrity. As I look at these three thinking styles I completely agree with them as my strengths. I have always been the equalizer and the manager called upon to best deal with conflict. I value my employees, focus upon perceptions, and know their needs. Honor and Integrity direct my morale fictitious character and I hold treasure as universe the most important element that people need in their lives. These styles are all important for homework and developing a strong working team and have made me valued as a good leader and well thought of by my peers.When I at look at any of these thinking styles that may be limiting me I would have to turn towards Approval. I feel that I can be overly trusting also fast and too agreeable with others opinions. Whether you are overly essaying approval or accepting others value too much this style can work against you and be called being too generous to a fault. I feel that I would like to have better overcome upon being overly sympathetic with people. I have the ability to give people too many chances to improve or go down their behavior when in all actuality it would have been better to have cut our losses after the first counseling session failed. Giving an employee a bewitching chance is fine but when I go too far it can appear like favoritism or special treatment.If the employees know that you are overly sympathetic they will also play to this weakness to get out of the hot seat. The team likes you and shows approval on the surface but in reality they do not respect you and view you as a push over. I sometimes fight this behavior because there is a fine tie between the perception of not caring and being not sympathetic enough and being overly sympathetic to a fault. I always know that you cannot please everyone as a good leader and some may even oppose you, but if upper management sees you as being too soft and overly sympathetic then you are not taking care of the business line.Impact on Management StylePlanningWhen I think of my primary and back up styles of thinking I can see the affiliative style having me motivate my team through using praise and friendliness. This can help me in the planning phase by getting valuable input from my team through building trust and meaningful relationships that are reciprocated. This helps us to feel like a team and quarter informed decisions from data collected by our team and helps us to build a sound plan of action. through and through self-actualization I would use my sound judgment and optimistic and realistic nature to set s olid goals. When making company plans my humanistic-encouragement style would have me utilize my intimacy of the companys needs and the teams needs to make good plans. Being a good listener also makes planning a lot easier.OrganizingWith my ability to develop and teach others and listening to my team while easily adapting to change I am able to better organize my team by screen background SMART goals and using my communication skills to keep my team well informed. By thinking outside of the box and using my creative and original thinking skills I will be able to keep all of my team on the same page with our eye on the target of success.LeadingMy primary and backup styles give me an excellent leadership skillset in that I listen and set own goals, but I also understand how people feel and make sound judgments. My genuine concern for others and communication skills not only give me great leadership skills but my ability to use my intuition to read people allows for proactive decisio ns to be made. Perhaps it is my ability to be diplomatic and tactful and see the best in others that allows for me to be respected and well thought of as a leader.ControllingSome people use intimidation and threats to come across their team but giving them respect and a sense of ownership of their think over allows my coaching and development style to allow peer pressure to control our team. The ability to set common goals and encourage our team to think for themselves, gives ownership and control through respect, honor, and integrity. Never asking my team to do what I am not willing to do myself and giving them the resources and tools needed to be successful keeps the respect and lines of communication open.Genesis of Personal StyleIf I was to critically evaluate what has contributed the most to my personal styles it would have to be my family and growing up in the eatery business. Always being in the public eye and dealing with guests face to face gave me a comfort at an early a ge of being in front of people and taking the time to listen and enjoy people. I was in the entertainment business and learned how to set goals and run a business by watching the controllable costs and giving quality service so that our guests would return. I developed understanding, humility, confidence, and personal integrity from my family. Growing up in my community and having great friends and families really made a big difference with being sincere, warm, and open. It was sports and Boy Scouts that offered discipline, commitment, and goals to my life. From my relationships built in high school and the Navy to the relationships built in business I continue to learn and strive to improve my styles to compliment my ability to lead.Conclusion and ReflectionAs I look at my Constructive skills I see how my developments of Affiliative, Humanistic-Encouragement, and Self-Actualization styles have all contributed to my ability to be a good leader. My intuitive ability to read behavior and develop teams is piece nature to me and my ability to listen and be real to my team has earned me their respect. Now my Passive and Defensive styles show me that dependent and conventional may be an area to watch out for but I felt that approval was the area that concerned me the most.Specifically it may be too easy to arrive overly sympathetic and this could lead to being overly generous to a fault. Looking at my Aggressive and Defensive Styles I look at oppositional and agonistical styles and giving me the ability to question everything and always inspect everything before making a decision, be the best at what we do, and set the benchmark of our industry. I feel that the LSI shows us our strengths and opportunities and while we are always striving to improve our behaviors we must look at our beliefs in why we find our behavior acceptable and seek to make changes here, because in order to improve ones behavior we must change our beliefs first.I feel that I would like to im prove upon being less sympathetic and watch my procrastination by setting clear boundaries a staying to the specific rules. It is important for me not to put things off for tomorrow if I can do it today. I also would like to not get overly involved in team members personal issues that are affecting their work. This usage helped me to look closely at how other styles can overshadow the positives of other styles and be counterproductive.This has helped me because as I see that several of my styles help me to be a good leader but now I have a better understanding on what other styles can limit my constructive styles ie, if I have a high affiliative and a high power style then I would desire to have close friendships but try to control and dominate these friendships which will result in a negative relationship. Overall this has been a great tool for my future in management and beter understanding my thinking and behavior process.

Hopf Algebra Project

Hopf Algebra ProjectPetros KarayiannisChapter 0IntroductionHopf algebras have lot of applications. At first, they used it in topology in 1940s, but because they realized it has applications through combinatorics, category theory, Hopf-Galois theory, quantum theory, Lie algebras, Homological algebra and functional analysis.The purpose of this project is to see the definitions and properties of Hopf algebras.(Becca 2014)PreliminariesThis chapter provides all the essential tools to chthonianstand the structure of Hopf algebras. Basic notations of Hopf algebra beGroupsFieldsVector outer distancesHomomorphismCommutative diagrams1.GroupsGroup G is a finite or infinite embed of elements with a binary operation. Groups have to pursue some rules, so we can learn it as a group. Those be closure, associative, there exist an identity element and an inverse element. allow us define two elements U, V in G, closure is when then the intersection point of UV is also in G. Associative when t he multiplication (UV) W=U (VW) U, V, W in G. There exist an identity element much(prenominal) that IU=UI=U for every element U in G. The inverse is when for each element U of G, the set contains an element V=U-1 such that UU-1=U-1U=I.2.FieldsA issue is a commutative ring and every element b has an inverse.3.Vector SpaceA transmitter space V is a set that is closed under finite sender addition and scalar multiplication. In order for V to be a vector space, the following conditions must hold X, Y V and any scalar a, b a(b X) = (a b) X(a + b) X=aX + bXa(X+Y)=aX + aY1X=XA unexpended ideal of K-algebra is a bilinear subspace that has the property that any element of the subspace multiplied on the left by any element of the algebra produces an element of the subspace. We say that a subset L of a K-algebra A is a left ideal if for every x and y in L, z in A and c in K, we have the followingX +y is in Lcx is in Lz x is in LIf we replace c) with x z is in L, then this would defi ne a just ideal. A two-sided ideal is a subset that is both a left and a right ideal. When the algebra is commutative, then all of those notions of ideal are equivalent. We denote the left ideal as .4.HomomorphismGiven two groups, (G,*) and (H,) is a function f GH such that u, v G it holds thatf(u*v)=f(u)f(v)5.Commutative diagramsA commutative diagram is showing the composition of roles represented by arrows.The fundament operation of Hopf algebras is the tensor product. A tensor product is a multiplication of vector spaces V and W with a result a single vector space, denoted as V W.Definition 0.1 allow V and W be -vector spaces with bases ei and fj respectively. The tensor product V and W is a new -vector space, V W with basis ei fj , is the set of all elements v w= (ci,j ei fj ). ci,j are scalars. oerly tensor products obey to distributive and scalar multiplication laws.The dimension of the tensor product of two vector spaces isDim(V W)=dim(V)dim(W)Theorem of Universa l Property of Tensor products 0.2Let V, W, U be vector spaces with procedure f V x W U is defined as f (v, w) vw.There exists a bilinear mapping b V x W V W , (v,w) v wIf f V x W U is bilinear, then there exist a funny function, f V WU with f=fbExtension of Tensor Products0.3The definition of Tensor products can be extended for more than two vectors such asV1 - V2- V3 - ..- VN = ( biv1- v2- .- vn ) (Becca 2014)Definition0.4Let U,V be vector spacers everyplace a landing field k and UV. If =0 then Rank () =0. If 0 then tell () is equal to the smallest positive integer r arising from the representations of = ui vi UV for i=1,2,,r.Definition0.5Let U be a finite dimensional vector space everywhere the field k with basis u1,.,un be a basis for U. the doubled basis for U*is u1,.,un where ui(uj)= ij for 1I,jn.Dual Pair0.6A dual pair is a 3 -tuple (X,Y,) consisting two vector spaces X,Y everyplace the same field K and a bilinear map, X x YK with x X0 yY 0 and y Y0 xX 0Defi nition0.7The wedge product is the product in an exterior algebra. If , are differential k-forms of degree p, g respectively, then=(-1)pq , is not in general commutative, but is associative,()u= (u) and bilinear(c1 1+c2 2) = c1( 1 ) + c2( 2 )( c1 1+c2 2)= c1( 1) + c2( 2). (Becca 2014)Chapter 1Definition1.1Let (A, m, ) be an algebra all all everyplace k and write mop (ab) = ab a, b A where mop=m,. then ab=ba a, b A. The (A, mop, ) is the opposite algebra.Definition1.2A co-algebra C isA vector space over KA map CC - C which is coassociative in the sense of (c(1)(1) - c(1)(2) - c(2))= (c(1) - c(2)(1) - c(2)c(2) ) cC ( called the co-product)A map C k obeying ((c(1))c(2))=c= (c(1)) c(2)) cC ( called the counit)Co-associativity and co-unit element can be expressed as commutative diagrams as follow go out 1 Co-associativity map Figure 2 co-unit element map Definition1.3A bi-algebra H isAn algebra (H, m ,)A co-algebra (H, , ), are algebra maps, where H- H has the tensor produc t algebra structure (h- g)(h- g)= hh- gg h, h, g, g H. A representation of Hopf algebras as diagrams is the followingDefinition1.4A Hopf Algebra H isA bi-algebra H, , , m, A map S H H such that (Sh(1))h(2) = (h)= h(1)Sh(2) hHThe axioms that make a simultaneous algebra and co-algebra into Hopf algebra is H- HH-HIs the map (h-g)=g-h called the flip map h, g H.Definition1.5Hopf Algebra is commutative if its commutative as algebra. It is co-commutative if its co-commutative as a co-algebra, =. It can be defined as S2=id.A commutative algebra over K is an algebra (A, m, ) over k such that m=mop.Definition1.6Two Hopf algebras H,H are dually paired by a map H H k if, =,h, =(h)g =, ()== , H and h, g H.Let (C, ,) be a co-algebra over k. The co-algebra (C, cop, ) is the opposite co-algebra.A co-commutative co-algebra over k is a co-algebra (C, , ) over k such that = cop.Definition1.7A bi-algebra or Hopf algebra H acts on algebra A (called H-module algebra) ifH acts on A as a vector s pace.The product map m AAA commutes with the transaction of HThe unit map k A commutes with the action of H.From b,c we come to the next actionh(ab)=(h(1)a)(h(2)b), h1= (h)1, a, b A, h HThis is the left action.Definition1.8Let (A, m, ) be algebra over k and is a left H- module along with a linear map m A-AA and a scalar multiplication k - AA if the following diagrams commute.Figure 3 Left Module mapDefinition1.9Co-algebra (C, , ) is H-module co-algebra ifC is an H-module CCC and C k commutes with the action of H. (Is a right C- co-module).Explicitly,(hc)=h(1)c(1)h(2)c(2), (hc)= (h)(c), h H, c C.Definition1.10A co-action of a co-algebra C on a vector space V is a map VCV such that,(id) =( id )id =(id ).Definition1.11A bi-algebra or Hopf algebra H co-acts on an algebra A (an H- co-module algebra) ifA is an H- co-moduleThe co-action A HA is an algebra homomorphism, where HA has the tensor product algebra structure.Definition1.12Let C be co- algebra (C, , ), map A HA is a rig ht C- co- module if the following diagrams commute.Figure 6Co-algebra of a right co-moduleSub-algebras, left ideals and right ideals of algebra have dual counter-parts in co-algebras. Let (A, m, ) be algebra over k and suppose that V is a left ideal of A. Then m(AV)V. Thus the restriction of m to AV determines a map AVV. Left co-ideal of a co-algebra C is a subspace V of C such that the co-product restricts to a map VCV.Definition1.13Let V be a subspace of a co-algebra C over k. Then V is a sub-co-algebra of C if (V)VV, for left co-ideal (V)CV and for right co-ideal (V)VC.Definition1.14Let V be a subspace of a co-algebra C over k. The unique minimal sub-co-algebra of C which contains V is the sub-co-algebra of C generated by V.Definition1.15A simple co-algebra is a co-algebra which has two sub-co-algebras.Definition1.16Let C be co-algebra over k. A group-like element of C is c C with satisfies, (s)=ss and (s)=1 s S. The set of group-like elements of C is denoted G(C).Definition1.1 7Let S be a set. The co-algebra kS has a co-algebra structure determined by(s)=ss and (s)=1 s S. If S= we set C=k=0.Is the group-like co-algebra of S over k.Definition1.18The co-algebra C over k with basis co, c1, c2,.. whose co-product and co-unit is live up to by (cn)= cn-lcl and (cn)=n,0 for l=1,.,n and for all n0. Is denoted by P(k). The sub-co-algebra which is the span of co, c1, c2,,cn is denoted Pn(k).Definition1.19A co-matrix co-algebra over k is a co-algebra over k isomorphic to Cs(k) for some finite set S. The co-matrix identities are(ei, j)= ei, lel, j(ei, j)=i, j i, j S. Set C(k)=(0).Definition1.20Let S be a non-empty finite set. A standard basis for Cs(k) is a basis c i ,jI, j S for Cs(k) which satisfies the co-matrix identities.Definition1.21Let (C, c, c) and (D, D, D) be co-algebras over the field k. A co-algebra map f CD is a linear map of underlying vector spaces such that Df=(ff) c and Df= c. An isomorphism of co-algebras is a co-algebra map which is a linear iso morphism.Definition1.22Let C be co-algebra over the field k. A co-ideal of C is a subspace I of C such that (I) = (0) and () IC+CI.Definition1.23The co-ideal Ker () of a co-algebra C over k is denoted by C+.Definition1.24Let I be a co-ideal of co-algebra C over k. The unique co-algebra structure on C /I such that the projection C C/I is a co-algebra map, is the quotient co-algebra structure on C/I.Definition1.25The tensor product of co-algebra has a natural co-algebra structure as the tensor product of vector space C-D is a co-algebra over k where (c(1)d(1))( c(2)d(2)) and (cd)=(c)(d) c in C and d in D.Definition1.26Let C be co-algebra over k. A skew-primitive element of C is a cC which satisfies (c)= gc +ch, where c, h G(c). The set of gh-skew primitive elements of C is denoted byPg,h (C).Definition1.27Let C be co-algebra over a field k. A co-commutative element of C is cC such that (c) = cop(c). The set of co-commutative elements of C is denoted by Cc(C).Cc(C) C.Definition1.2 8The category whose objects are co-algebras over k and whose morphisms are co-algebra maps under function composition is denoted by k-Coalg.Definition1.29The category whose objects are algebras over k and whose morphisms are co-algebra maps under function composition is denoted by k-Alg.Definition1.30Let (C, , ) be co-algebra over k. The algebra (C-, m, ) where m= - C-C-, (1) =, is the dual algebra of (C, , ).Definition1.31Let A be algebra over the field k. A locally finite A-module is an A-module M whose finitely generated sub-modules are finite-dimensional. The left and right C--module actions on C are locally finite.Definition1.32Let A be algebra over the field k. A derivation of A is a linear endomorphism F of A such that F (ab) =F (a) b-aF(b) for all a, b A.For fixed b A note that F AA defined by F(a)=a, b= ab- ba for all a A is a derivation of A.Definition1.33Let C be co-algebra over the field k. A co-derivation of C is a linear endomorphism f of C such that f= (fIC + IC f) . Definition1.34Let A and B ne algebra over the field k. The tensor product algebra structure on AB is determined by (ab)(ab)= aabb a, aA and b, bB.Definition1.35Let X, Y be non-empty subsets of an algebra A over the field k. The centralizer of Y in X isZX(Y) = xXyx=xy yYFor y A the centralizer of y in X is ZX(y) = ZX(y).Definition1.36The summation of an algebra A over the field Z (A) = ZA(A).Definition1.37Let (S, ) be a partially ordered set which is locally finite, meaning that , I, jS which satisfy ij the interval i, j = lSilj is a finite set. Let S= i, j I, jS, ij and let A be the algebra which is the vector space of functions f Sk under point wise operations whose product is given by(fg)(i, j)=f(i, l)g(l, j) iljFor all f, g A and i, jS and whose unit is given by 1(I,j)= i,j I,jS.Definition1.38The algebra of A over the k described supra is the incidence algebra of the locally finite partially ordered set (S, ).Definition1.39Lie co-algebra over k is a pair (C, ), where C is a vec tor space over k and CCC is a linear map, which satisfies=0 and (+()()+() ())()=0=C,C and I is the appropriate identity map.Definition1.40Suppose that C is co-algebra over the field k. The wedge product of subspaces U and V is UV = -1(UC+ CV).Definition1.41Let C be co-algebra over the field k. A saturated sub-co-algebra of C is a sub-co-algebra D of C such that UVD, U, V of D.Definition1.42Let C be co-algebra over k and (N, ) be a left co-module. Then UX= -1(UN+ CX) is the wedge product of subspaces U of C and X of N.Definition1.43Let C be co-algebra over k and U be a subspace of C. The unique minimal saturated sub-co-algebra of C containing U is the saturated closure of U in C.Definition1.44Let (A, m, ) be algebra over k. Then,A=m1(A-A- )(A, , ) is a co-algebra over k, where = m- A and =-.he co-algebra (A, , ) is the dual co-algebra of (A, m, ).Also we denote A by a and = a(1) a(2), a A.Definition1.45Let A be algebra over k. An - derivation of A is a linear map f Ak which satis fies f(ab)= (a)f(b)+f(a) (b), a, b A and , Alg(A, k).Definition1.46The full subcategory of k-Alg (respectively of k-Co-alg) whose objects are finite dimensional algebras (respectively co-algebras) over k is denoted k-Alg fd (respectively k-Co-alg fd).Definition1.47A proper algebra over k is an algebra over k such that the intersection of the co-finite ideals of A is (0), or equivalently the algebra map jAA(A)*, be linear map defined by jA(a)(a)=a(a), a A and aA. ThenjAA(A)* is an algebra mapKer(jA) is the intersection of the co-finite ideals of AIm(jA) is a dense subspace of (A)*.Is one-to-one.Definition1.48Let A (respectively C) be an algebra (respectively co-algebra ) over k. Then A (respectively C) is reflexive if jAA(A)*, as defined before and jCC(C*), defined asjC(c)(c*)=c*(c), c*C* and cC. ThenIm(jC)(C*) and jCC(C*) is a co-algebra map.jC is one-to-one.Im(jC) is the set of all a(C*)* which vanish on a closed co-finite ideal of C*.Is an isomorphism.Definition1.49Almost left noetherian algebra over k is an algebra over k whose co-finite left ideal are finitely generated. (M is called close noetherian if every co-finite submodule of M is finitely generated).Definition1.50Let fUV be a map of vector spaces over k. Then f is an almost one-to-one linear map if ker(f) is finite-dimensional, f is an almost onto linear map if Im(f) is co-finite subspace of V and f is an almost isomorphism if f is an almost one-to-one and an almost linear map.Definition1.51Let A be algebra over k and C be co-algebra over k. A pairing of A and C is a bilinear map A-Ck which satisfies, (ab,c)= (a, c(1)) (b, c(2)) and (1, c) = (c), a, b A and c C.Definition1.52Let V be a vector space over k. A co-free co-algebra on V is a pair (, Tco(V)) such thatTco(V) is a co-algebra over k and Tco(V)T is a linear map.If C is a co-algebra over k and fCV is a linear map, a co-algebra map F C Tco(V) determined by F=f.Definition1.53Let V be a vector space over k. A co-free co-commutative co-al gebra on V is any pair (, C(V)) which satisfiesC(V) is a co-commutative co-algebra over k and C(V)V is a linear map.If C is a co-commutative co-algebra over k and f CV is linear map, co-algebra map FC C(V) determined by F=f. (Majid 2002, Radford David E)Chapter 2Proposition (Anti-homomorphism property of antipodes) 2.1The antipode of a Hopf algebra is unique and obey S(hg)=S(g)S(h), S(1)=1 and (SS)h=Sh, Sh=h, h,g H. (Majid 2002, Radford David E)ProofLet S and S1 be two antipodes for H. Then using properties of antipode, associativity of and co-associativity of we getS= (S- (Id-S1))= (Id- )(SId-S1)(Id -)=(Id)(SId-S1)( -Id) = ( (SId)S1) =S1.So the antipode is unique.Let S-id=s id-S=tTo check that S is an algebra anti-homomorphism, we computeS(1)= S(1(1))1(2)S(1(3))= S(1(1)) t (1(2))= s(1)=1,S(hg)=S(h(1)g(1)) t(h(2)g(2))= S(h(1)g(1))h(2) t(g(2))S(h(3))=s (h(1)g(1))S(g(2))S(h(2))=S(g(1)) s(h(1)) t (g(2))S(h(2))=S(g)S(h), h,g H and we used t(hg)= t(h t(g)) and s(hg)= t(s(h)g).Duali zing the above we can show that S is also a co-algebra anti-homomorphism(S(h))= (S(h(1) t(h(2)))= (S(h(1)h(2))= (t(h))= (h),(S(h))= (S(h(1) t(h(2)))= (S(h(1) t(h(2))1)= (S(h(1) ))(h(2)S(h(4)) t (h(3))=(s(h(1))(S(h(3))S(h(2)))=S(h(3)) s(h(1))S(h(2))=S(h(2)) S(h(1)). (New directions)Example2.2The Hopf Algebra H=Uq(b+) is generated by 1 and the elements X,g,g-1 with relationsgg-1=1=g-1g and g X=q X g, where q is a fixed invertible element of the field k. HereX= X1 +g X, g=g g, g-1=g-1g-1,X=0, g=1= g-1, SX=- g-1X, Sg= g-1, S g-1=g.S2X=q-1X.ProofWe have , on the generators and extended them multiplicatively to products of the generators.gX=(g)( X)=( gg)( X1 +g

Direct to consumer advertising

Direct to consumer publicizingDTCA of prescription drug drugs has incrementd enormously on the whole over the past decade in the United States and young Zealand, the 2 countries where it is legal. In 2005, more than $4.2 billion (US) was spent on DTCA in the United States, and Americans spent an bonnie of 16 hours watching televised drug advertisements-far more time than they spent with family specifys. Mintzes (2009)Whereas advertizing for non-prescription pharmaceuticals has been directed to consumers for decades, direct-to-consumer (DTC) denote for prescription drugs is a intercoursely new-made phenomenon. Regulation of pharmaceutical advertising varies significantly around the globe. Diehl et al (2008)Currently, direct-to-consumer advertising is only al showtimeed in the US and New Zealand, exclusively is banned throughout Europe and the rest of the world. Diehl et al (2008) notwithstanding the ban, a number of pharmaceutical companies suck up already begun to con duct consumer- chargeed campaigns in the EU, which comply with current restrictions (H unity Benson 2004). Like KSA Diehl et al (2008)In the next part, I will start with academic review of marketing communication tools and advertising in general.2.2 Marketing Communications toolsMarketing CommunicationMarketing communication theory as defined by Kotler (2007) ar the means by which securelys attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers directly or indirectly about the harvest-homes and brands that they sell. They argon considered the voice of the brand and by which the companies can build a relationship with customers.Marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication, and according to Kotler (2007) it can be separate to mass or personal communications. Mass communications are advertising, public relation and publicity, events, and sales advance. While, personal communications are personal selling and direct marketing.In this paper, I will focus o n advertising, public relations and publicity, and direct marketing.2.2.1 Personal SellingPersonal selling is a face to face interaction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making certifyations, answering questions, and procuring orders. For example, sales presentation, sales meeting, and samples.2.2.2 Direct SellingDirect marketing is the use of consumer-direct channels to fade and deliver goods and services to customer without using marketing middlemen. These channels include catalogs, mailing, telemarketing, TV shopping, e-mail, or internet to communicate directly with customers.2.2.3 gross sales PromotionSales packaging is a diversity of short term incentives to encourage trial or purchase of a proceeds or service. For example, coupons, lotteries and gifts. On the contrary, sales promotion is the appropriate tool, if the intention is to deliver quicker results, thus, it could be thought of as a short term incentive to stimulate sales (Sandhusen, 2008 ), however, despite the point that it has taken over advertising in recent years, if used more frequently it may has a damaging impact on the brand be promoted.2.2.4 EventsEvents and experiences are alliance sponsored activities and programs designed to create daily or special brand related interactions. For example, sports, festivals, arts, factory tours, and company museum.These marketing communications must be integrated to deliver a consistent message and achieve the strategic positioning.2.2.5 Public Relations and PublicityPublic relation and publicity is a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a company image or its individual products. For example, press kits, speeches, seminars, annual cogitations, charitable donations, publications, community relations, lobbying, identity media, and company magazine.Public relations carries identical definition as that for advertising except for the part of being paid by the company, and on the contrary, public relation has a characteristic quality over advertising, which is being perceived as more credible (Sandhusen, 2008).The appeal of public relations is based on three distinctive qualities high credibility than ads, ability to catch buyers off guard who prefer to avoid sales sight and advertisements, and the potency for dramatizing a company or a product.Many companies are turning to marketing public relations (MPR) to support corporate or product promotion and image making.The old name of MPR was publicity, which was downn as the task of securing chromatography column space as unlike to paid spaces in print and broadcast media to promote a product, service, idea, place, person, or organization.MPR goes beyond simple publicity and plays an important exercise in assisting in the launch of new products, assisting in repositioning of a mature product, building interest in a product category, influencing specific target groups, defending products that grant encountered public problems, and bu ilding the corporate image in the way that reflects favourably on its products.2.2.6 AdvertisingAdvertising as cl scramed by Pickton Broderick (2006) is considered as the senior element of the marketing communications mix which defined as the use of paid mass media, by an identified sponsor, to deliver marketing communications to target audiences to persuade or influence an audience. Whereas media is considered as the carriers of message that it should include TV, radio, press, posters, direct mail and the internet.Advertising according to the media and the purpose can be classified into many fonts. For example, based on the type of media there are many types of advertisement like television ads, press and magazine advertisements, posters, radio, internet and out of billet advertising which includes billboards, transit, street furniture, and alternative outdoor like cinema advertising, stadium advertising, and airport advertising (Wilson, et al., 2008).In addition to the previous classification, Eldridge (1958) argued that according to the purpose of the advertising there are three different kinds. The first one is the immediate action advertising like that of retail food advertising, special deals and coupon offers that upgrade customers to take immediate actions. Whereas the second category is the awareness advertising like the announcements of a new product or model. As an example of this category is that of direct-to-consumer advertising of the pharmaceutical products, especially See your adulterate campaigns that improver public awareness for new products or even refreshing the customer memory toward old product. Finally, the threesome category is the creation or change of an image advertising which is considered the most difficult category to be measured. For example, campaigns that made by oil companies to improve their images as environment pollutants through increasing their social responsibilities.There is some confusion between advertising, d irect marketing, and public relation. (Tamer)Advertising has a lot of advantages. As mentioned in Leicester (2009) it can reach mass audiences through media and press. In addition it is able to reach mass audiences selectively like advertising in specialized magazines. Moreover, it has low unit cost, efficient and stiff at reaching large audiences. In addition to the previous advantages, as claimed by Eechambadi and Naras V. (1994), it is expected to change perceptions, maintain awareness, reinforce brand loyalty, encourage switching, or influence frequency of purchase.After showing the different types and advantages of advertising in the next part I will present how advertising works. As mentioned by Miller, et al., (1998) over the past several decades most advertisers and academics commitd that advertising primarily worked by changing consumer attitudes toward a brand through the (Awareness, Interest, propensity Action) AIDA model. This simple model says that awareness of a br and precedes interest, which in turn precedes desire and action. Thus, awareness plays a role in this theory, it is primarily a gatekeeper.However, Pickton Broderick (2006) argued that, advertising works through three ways. The first way considers the concepts of advertising as a strong or a weak force. Advertising seen as a strong force suggests that it has a direct and verifying impact on sales through persuading people to buy, creating and building brands, differentiating between brands and increasing sales. While those see advertising as a weak force suggests that advertising works through maintaining brand values and defending market share, so its exploit on sales is therefore less direct.A second way considers the concept of salience which is the sum total of brand attri scarcelyes, not any single element, that creates a supreme attitude towards the brand. The goal is not so much how well your brand is regarded, just now how many consumers regard your brand well. In this w ay, brand shares are maintained.The third approach is a simple causal hierarchy of effects that claimed by Vakratsas and Ambler (1999) which is little changed in its essentials from the AIDA model. In this approach, consumers change their minds about a product, then they change their attitude, and then they act. In other words, the process begins with cognition, which translates to affect, which then translates to behaviour. The purpose of advertising in that model is primarily to drive trial by inserting the brand into the consumers head and keeping it there.To increase the advertising effectiveness, it is better to use advertising in more than one media to gain the advantages of each one. For example, the most effective see your situate campaigns usually use more than one media, like TV, radio, posters, flyers and internet. 2.3 Overview of DTCA . 2.3.1. Definition of DTCA .Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) is the promotion of prescription drugs through newspaper, magazine, te levision and internet marketing. do drugs companies also produce a range of other materials, including brochures and videos, that are available in doctors offices or designed to be given to perseverings by medical professionals or via patient groups. Vann(2010)The only two developed countries where DTCA is currently legal are the U.S. and New Zealand. While banned elsewhere, the drug pains is mounting major lobbying campaigns to have DTCA allowed in Europe and Canada. Vann(2010)DTCA advertising is just one strand in the marketing and PR efforts of drug companies to promote brand-name prescription drugs. Some aimed at potential consumers are video news releases for use in television news bulletins and programs. Vann(2010)Prescription drug advertising is very different from any other type of product advertising in that the product cannot be purchased without the cooperation of others (doctor, pharmacist, insurer, health maintenance organisations, etc.) and thus the purpose of adver tising is different from most other product advertising. Becker et al, (2005)The advertisers motive consumers to do one of the following seek more information, talk to a doctor about the drug, talk to a pharmacist about the drug and key out family and friends about the drug. Basically, what consumers are expected to do afterward viewing prescription drug ads is to seek information and talk to others. Becker et al, (2005) 2.3.2. A History of DTCA .The idea of DTCA started in the early 1980s when some of pharmaceutical companies decided to find a new model of promotion rather than the traditional one that rely on promotion for physician. They started firstly with public relations techniques rather than paid advertising as mentioned by Donohue and Julie (2006).From the 1950s to the early 1980s, no pharmaceutical companies were running product-specific ads in the mass media. Then, two product marketing campaigns broke with tradition and pursued a marketing strategy that depended on c onsumers taking a more alive(p) role in prescribing decisions. In 1981, Boots pharmaceuticals used print and television ads to promote Rufen, a prescription pain reliever. The marketing strategy was to position Rufen as a cheaper alternative to the poke outing brand. Donohue and Julie (2006)In the early 1980s most pharmaceutical companies avoided DTCA of prescription drugs, according to a survey conducted in 1984 of pharmaceutical marketing executives. pharmaceutic executives argued that DTCA would hurt the doctor-patient relationship, confuse an unsophisticated public, and lead to higher drug cost. Donohue and Julie (2006)The increased use of DTCA in the early 1990s may have been related to the interpolation of lifestyle drugs for which no market yet existed like hair restoration products or those requiring consumers to self-identify, either because physicians feel uncomfortable discussing the product like drugs that treat cavernous dysfunction. Donohue and Julie (2006)In 1997, The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) relaxed its rules on mass media advertising for prescription drugs. This action made it easier for pharmaceutical companies to promote their products in 30- or 60-second TV ads without giving detailed medical information on the indications, potential side effects, or proper use. Findlay and Steven (2002)Pharmaceutical firms, which in 1984 had feared the impact of DTCA on the doctor-patient relationship, now argued that prescription drug advertising empowered consumers. The president of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America stated, Direct-to-consumer advertising is an excellent way to meet the growing demand for medical information, empowering consumers by educating them about health conditions and possible give-and-takes. Donohue and Julie (2006) 2.3.3. Why pharmaceutical companies dexterity use DTCA?.There are several factors in the prescription drug industry that might induce manufacturers to advertise directly to consume rs.In general, certain characteristics of the market, the disease to be treated, the stage of the product life cycle (PLC) and the drug word itself. Sheffet et al, (1990)As the size of it of the potential market increases, so does the probability that manufacturers will advertise to medical professionals and consumers, because the larger the potential market for a drug treatment, the lower the cost per treatment to advertise. For example, the current broadcasting and print media advertising for ulcer treatments is aimed at a large potential market. In the case of a drug to treat a disease that afflicts far fewer people (e.g., hemophilia), it is unlikely that DTC advertising would be used because of the high cost of reaching the relatively small number of people in that market. Sheffet et al, (1990)The stage of the PLC will also influence the likelihood that a firm will participate in DTC advertising. In a mature product category, a function of advertising is to allow a firm to dif ferentiate its product from competing brands. Early in the PLC, advertising is more likely to increase the relative size of the total market. A unique characteristic of the prescription drug industry is that the stages of the PLC are significantly dictated by the patent structure. A firm whose brand is protected by a patent has a greater incentive to increase the total market size than a firm whose product is competing in a stable, mature market. Sheffet et al, (1990)The nature of the disease and the frequency of treatment will also affect the attractiveness of DTC advertising for a particular drug. For example, a disease that requires constant long-term medication (e.g., Dilantin for epilepsy), will have the same patient population in the market for years. Sheffet et al, (1990)2.4 The role of DTC advertising in the healthcare system..2.4.1 push/pull strategic mix..The introduction of DTC advertising brought the consumer into the brand stimulation equation, eroding some of the physi cians market control and giving prescription drug manufacturers more control of the marketplace. Where once the manufacturer was at the total mercy of the physician, DTC advertising put the prescription drug manufacturer in a position to exert some influence in the patient-doctor relationship. Becker et al, (2005)pharmaceutical industry has traditionally used a push strategy to promote their products but report that there has been a break from this traditional push strategy to a more aggressive pull strategy. Parker et al, (2003)Therefore, pharmaceutical companies advertising shifted from a push promotion strategy to a combination of a push/pull strategic mix. Becker et al, (2005)2.4.2 Doctor-Patient Relationship.During the past two decades, there has been an irreversible change in the nature of the doctor-patient relationship. Patients are seeking much more medical information and are actively participating in decisions affecting their health. Wolfe (2002)in terms of the impacts on doctor-patient relationships, on the positive side, Peyrot, Alperstein, Van Doren, and Poli (1998) appoint that media exposure and awareness of DTCA appeared to be associated with higher consumer drug knowledge and greater levels of discussion with physicians regarding treatment, this leading to strengthening of the relationship between doctor and patients (Bonaccorso and Sturchio, 2002). Reast et al, (2008)Conversely, Mechanic (1996), in line with prior research by Perri and Nelson (1987), took the position that the relationship between doctor and patient would be undermined by the increasing consumerization of the doctor-patient relationship, and dissimilar studies have pointed to potential conflicts in the relationship between doctor and patient, with undue pressure on doctors to prescribe advertize drugs (Foley and Gross, 2000 Mintzes et al, 2002 Prince, 2003), and patients considering switching doctors if specific drug requests are denied (Kravitz, 2000). Reast et al, (200 8)The irritation felt by many physicians when patients approach them after seeing a direct-to-consumer advertisement may derive from the fact that such advertisements, with their powerful, emotion-arousing images and frequently disturbed information on safety and effectiveness, mislead patients into believing that drugs are better than they actually are. Wolfe (2002)This puts physicians in a quandary, facing 3 conflicting ethical obligations. First, physicians aim to do no harm. Second, physicians seek to maintain and develop a strong doctor-patient relationship because it enhances future care and health outcomes, in addition to patient satisfaction. Third, physicians have a duty to ensure fair allocation of health care resources and avoid wasteful expenditure. Murray et al, (2003)We found that physicians find responding to remote requests time-consuming and that they often seem to acquiesce to such requests as long as the patient is not harmed. Furthermore, more doctors perceive the effect on the relationship as beneficial than harmful, but this is dependent on physicians doing what the patient wants. Murray et al, (2003)DTCA can have good and bad effects on quality of care, the doctor-patient relationship, and health service utilization. The benefits might be maximized, and the harms minimized, by increasing the accuracy of information in advertisements enhancing physicians communication and negotiation skills and encouraging patients to respect physicians clinical expertise. Murray et al, (2003)2.4.3 Do Ads Really Drive Pharmaceutical Sales?.The reviewed research finds that DTCA leads to increased demand for the advertised drug. Atherly and Rubin (2009)Evidence suggests that direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs increases pharmaceutical sales and helps to avert underuse of medicines and leads to potential overuse. Donohue, Cevasco and Rosenthal (2007)2.5 Overview of the global doctors attitude toward DTCA Increasingly consistent US, New Ze aland and UK medical opinionWhile a USA nurture prior to the boom in DTCA had found that physicians were broadly supporting of advertising to consumers (Petroshius et al. 1995), more recent evidence with very few contradictions now suggests that many USA physicians are unhappy with DTCA (Reast et al., 2004).The picture within New Zealand, on balance, cautiously supported the perpetuation of DTC advertising (Reast et al., 2004).UK physicians also as mentioned by Reast et al., (2004) opposed to the introduction of DTCA, which they feel is unethical, and is likely to have various negative impacts. Concern was expressed about DTCA causation damage to physicians relationship with pharmaceutical companies, and perhaps more importantly, damage to their relationship with patients (Reast et al., 2004). 2.5.1 The USA SituationMedical opinion towards DTC within the USA, having apparently been quite supportive prior to the rapid expansion of DTC in the mid- 1990s (Petroshius et al. 1995), a ppears now to be hardening. A US study, published in the Journal of Family Practice in 1997, found that 80% of surveyed members of the American Academy of Family Physicians believed that DTC was not a good idea and 84% expressed negative feelings about television DTC advertising (Mitka 2003).In contrast, the FDA study, a survey of 500 general practitioners (GPs) and hospital doctors, found a much more positive view of DTC advertising, whereby 37% said the overall impact of DTC advertising on their patients and practice had a somewhat positive effect, 28% said that there was no effect at all, and 27% said that DTC advertising had a somewhat negative effect. Only 3% felt it had a very positive effect and 5% said it had a very negative effect (Thomaselli 2003). Reast et al, (2004)There have been a substantial number of published studies on DTCA in the USA. These include a Harvard Medical School report by Weissman et al. (2004). This issue study of 643 physicians on events where patien ts discussed advertised drugs found both positive and negative effects on patients and physician practices. Positive effects were improved communication (67%), patient education (70%) and improved meekness (46%). Negative effects included patients led to seek unnecessary treatments (80%) and a perceived lack of balance in gamble/benefits (80%). Auton and Frank (2006) 2.5.2 The New Zealand and Australia Situation In New Zealand also, opposition to DTC remains high among physicians, with recent high-profile reports from New Zealands top medical schools condemning the practice (Scrip 2003). Reast et al, (2004)Despite this, a review of physician opinion conducted by the New Zealand Ministry of Health in 2001 (Hoek Gendall 2002) found that doctors groups acknowledged both the benefits and issues associated with DTC advertising.A qualitative research study conducted in New Zealand by Maubach and Hoek (2005) suggests that doctors views are complex. Doctors were found to have serious con cerns about DTCA but also saw some benefits from it.Respondents viewed favourably DTCAs ability to increase awareness of certain medical conditions. However, there were concerns about the poor level of information provided and many doctors spent time dispelling incorrect patient perceptions. There was also concern that risk information was not felt to be balanced. The majority did not support a ban on DTCA but nearly all considered that stricter regulation was required. Auton and Frank (2006)A study of attitudes towards DTCA in Australia by Miller and Waller (2004) found that four factors were important information, quality, credibility and price. Auton and Frank (2006)DTCA is banned in Australia but the pharmaceutical industry is still lobbying to have the ban lifted, despite the strong opposition of doctors and consumer groups. Auton and Frank (2006) 2.5.3 The European Situation ..There is little published quantitative research concerning the attitudes towards DTC of European heal th professionals, but Reast and Carson (2000) conducted a rare survey into UK physician opinion towards DTC soon after the start of generic see your doctor campaigns in Europe, in 1999. The exploratory study of 68 GPs and hospital doctors, a partial replication of the USA study by Petroshius et al. (1995), found UK physicians highly opposed to the concept and likely impacts of DTC advertising, 62% disagreeing with the ethics of DTC advertising, and 72% opposing the introduction of DTC advertising in Europe.Seeing certain benefits of a limited introduction of DTC communication, the European explosive charge presented plans to the European Parliament in November 2002, allowing nevertheless information on three chronic disease conditions (Aids, diabetes, and asthma) to pass directly to consumers. While the European Commission plans were rejected, educational see your doctor campaigns, carrying the manufacturers name and logo, but not the product brand name, are still allowed. Reast e t al, (2004)In the UK disease-awareness campaigns are being mounted by pharmaceutical companies in conjunction with patient organisations through sponsorship and grants which recognises UK and EU law prohibiting pharmaceutical companies undertaking activity which is deemed to be promoting a prescription-only medicine to the public. Auton and Frank (2006)Pfizer launched a 30 million Europe-wide male impotence disease-awareness campaign, including sponsorship of a St Valentine.s Day radio and press campaign, in conjunction with the Impotence Association. Reast et al, (2004) 2.5.4 The Middle East Situation ..Actually, after a lot of research, I did not find any articles talk about DTCA in Middle East.DTCA is banned in Australia but the pharmaceutical industry is still lobbying to have the ban lifted, despite the strong opposition of doctors and consumer groups. Auton and Frank (2006)There is little published quantitative research concerning the attitudes towards DTC of European health professionals, but Reast and Carson (2000) conducted a rare survey into UK physician opinion towards DTC soon after the start of generic see your doctor campaigns in Europe, in 1999.2.6 Critical views of doctors attitudes towards DTCA . new-made surveys of physicians indicate that even though many still oppose the practice of DTCA in general, they also point to some positive effects. Donohue and Julie (2006)2.6.1 Why DTCA is viewed as positive by doctors? .Supporters claim that DTC advertising has an educational value. It may cause consumers to seek advice on diseases or problems that have been previously undiagnosed, thus creating a more certain consumer (Parker et al, 2003).In addition, it can play an important role in improving healthcare by giving consumers the information they need to discuss medical symptoms and treatment options with their doctors. Becker et al, (2005)Moreover, DTCA is necessary to provide pharmaceutical firms with an incentive to develop prescription drugs to treat new ailments, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), or more effective treatments for established ailments and conditions. Research and development costs are high, but pharmaceutical firms have only a limited amount of time in which their prescription drugs are patent-protected. As regulatory approval measure have lengthened, the amount of time that pharmaceutical firms have to recoup their research and development costs before being faced with competition from generic versions of their drugs has decreased (Meek 2001). Therefore, pharmaceutical firms believe that creating consumer awareness of patent-protected prescription drugs is the quickest way to increase sales. Main et al, (2004)Supporters further claim that DTC advertising will lead to improved products and lower prices as pharmaceutical firms compete for consumer patronage in the open market. In this view, more internal consumers will select the best treatment available thus, bans on DTC advertising dep rive consumers of information needed to make the best choice (Meek 2001). Main et al, (2004)Furthermore, as mentioned by Auton and Frank (2006), a national study of 643 physicians found positive effects were improved communication (67%), patient education (70%) and improved compliance (46%).Finally, to repeat the benefits of DTCA, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) in 2005 announced approval of new industry guidelines for DTC advertising. The fourteen principles outlined in these guidelines are based on the introduce thatDTC advertising of prescription medicines can benefit the public health by increasing awareness about diseases, educating patients about treatment options, motivating patients to contact their physicians and immerse in a dialogue about health concerns, increasing the likelihood that patients will receive appropriate care for conditions that are frequently under-diagnosed and under-treated, and encouraging compliance with prescription drug treatment regimens. Royne and Myers (2008)2.6.2 Why DTCA is viewed as negative by doctors? .Critics of DTC advertising maintain that prescription drugs differ from other products and, therefore, should not be advertised in a similar way to increase consumption. Instead of being sold to increase profits, prescription drugs should be sold only when a doctor believes the medication will be the best way to reduce a patients suffering (Findlay 2001).In addition, DTCA intrudes into the doctor-patient relationship and confuses patients by representing promotional messages as educational (Wolfe 2002). Further, opponents believe that DTC advertising increases demand for more expensive medications and medicalizes normal human experience (Mintzes 2002), rather than providing consumers with information needed to make better health-care decisions. Critics also contend that the increase in patient requests for advertised medications (Peyrot et al. 1998) leads to preference toward branded, a dvertised prescriptions over more affordable and effective treatments (Dyer 2002 Findlay 2002).Some also argue that such advertising is inappropriate because patients are not in a position to diagnose conditions or judge the relative safety, effectiveness and appropriateness of alternative treatments. This practice can lead to prescription drug misuse and abuse (Becker et al, 2005).In addition, evidence on clinical outcomes is often inadequate when drugs first come on to the market, at times leading to false impressions. COX 2 inhibitors (Vioxx), for example, were widely believed to be safer than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatories when first launched. An assessment of the full experience of serious adverse events in relative trials suggests the contrary. Mintzes and Barbara (2002)

Moral Panic: Youth Slashing in Singapore

Moral Panic Youth Slashing in capital of Singapore1. IntroductionSlashing wooings involving Singaporean youth pack fellow members gain immense notoriety in 2010. The visibility of such criminal acts is amplified boost by the mass media. Such reports provoke the publics potential headache of universe attack by youth juntos especi every last(predicate)y so when high-profile cases such as the murder of Darren Ng at Downtown East was inform to hap in the evening between 5.30pm and 5.57pm at a time period where school-going children would be making their g all overnment agency home. This fuel the anxiety felt by already paranoid p bents of school-going children.Moreover easy access to gruesome and explicit pictures of the victim that were splashed across both yarn-dyeed and online medias, further fuel widespread disquietude of youth gang members being more daring to strike anytime in the day. Such threat is contrary to updated statistics proving that criminal offence come ins in Singapore give up been steadily on a downward wind. The question at hand then is What caused this mass panic of youth cut down in Singapore patronage there being no actual spike in criminal offence rates?In our assessment of Singapore youth slashing, several critical tenets of lesson panic were identified high awe over youth force and gang associations, increase hostility towards the group seen as a threat (people, who were caught carrying weapons, at-risk youths), disproportionality in depiction of the problem and short life-span.This newsprint seeks to investigate deterrent spokesperson panic on youth slashing in Singapore. In our essay discourse, we argue that the zoom in news reports youth and gang frenzy attributes to the honourable panic of youth slashing in Singapore. The increased visibility of such criminal acts and little reporting has push the issue of youth delinquency to the spot light.This paper will first consider the crime tr destinations in Sin gapore with an emphasis on youth statistics to ascertain whether the crime rates show any spikes which may be a cause for panic for citizens. In our use of statistics, we assume that all criminal acts were reported accurately. Next, a believe of news reports by the Singapore printed English media- Straits times and natural Paper would be conducted to see how ghost such reports were published.2. Crime Trends in SingaporeIn the latest Singapore Police Force Annual 2009, it published a 10 yr trend of crime rates for Singapore. It captures official crime statistics that includes only reported criminal cases.Figure 1 show that the overall crime and overall crime rate is relatively stable, reaching its peak in 2005 and gradually decreasing over the next 3 years. The year 2008 saw a marginal increase of 1% in overall crime from 32,796 cases in 2007 to 33,113. However according to the SPF annual, the crime rate per 100,000 population mark has actually fallen from 715 in 2007 to 684 in 2008. boost statistics from SPF website records that in year 2009, the number of overall crime cases recording a marginal increase of 0.2% as comp ared to the previous year. However, overall crime rate in 2009 was 665, lower than 684 in 2008. In 2010 then, overall Crime reportedly fell by 0.6% (or -200 cases), from 33,186 cases in 2009 to 32,986 cases in 2010. There was no mention of crime rates. equivalence the total crime cases reported in 2010, the general crime trend for Singapore would be seen as gradually decreasing.In 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010 reports, youth crime was highlighted as a key crime concern. The majority of crimes among youths were for shop theft and other theft. Only in 2007, did rioting become the second most common crime among youths.At the peak of 4608 recorded cases of crimes against persons in 2005, only 21 of them were murder cases (Singapore Police Force, 2010). 0.004% of crimes against persons were murder cases at the peak of crimes against persons. The re were no statistics that confirm what overhauling of the murders was committed by youths. However, the overall crime against persons has remained relatively unchanged since 2006, and we would extrapolate that the number of murder cases would accordingly remain stable.Contrary to the statistics, there was a retch in news reports youth and gang violence in 2010. In the official crime summary for 2010 it was reported that there has been an increase in the number of youths arrested for rioting from 468 persons in 2009 to 531 persons in 2010. However the number of youths arrested for rioting 2010 is still lower from that in 2007 whereby 573 persons were arrested for rioting. Yet in 2010, the replys towards youth and gang violence were more fervent. The public members were organising Citizens-on-Patrol (COP) Programmes (Lim, 2010) and increasing the frequencies of such patrols in the wake of the Bukit Panjang Slashing case.One cannot help but ponder what incites such panic among cit izens regarding neighbourhood safety when the statistics wait to show a relatively stable decrease in crime rate. In our essay, we argue that the surge in news reports youth and gang violence attributes to the clean-living panic of youth slashing in Singapore.3. Literature ReviewFrom a sub-cultural perspective, using Cloward Ohlin(1960) theory of differential access in illegitimate high society we could see thoroughfare corner gangs as a form of conflict subculture, and their senseless violence a product of status frustration. Subcultural theories looked at how crime occur as individuals internalize a set of norms and values that brings them into conflict with the law. As described by Miller (1958) in the focal concerns theory of lower disunite where he identified trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, autonomy, fate as concerns deeply embedded in the culture of the lower class.While many studies guard attempted to explain street corner gangs and youth violence, there are withal many others that looked at the social construction of the crime. Media constructions of crime have been immensely studied in the field. look into on media and crime generally agreed that crime is staple in news and popular programming and that uncommon events tend to be overrepresented (Pizarro, Chermak, Gruenewald, 2007).In studies of gang and youth violence, it is established that fractureicular media portrayals of gangs and youths have shaped the identity of this group and the societys attitude towards them (Dorfman et.al, 1997 Thompson, et. al, 2000). Esbensen Tusinski (2007) discussed medias tendency of stereotyping gangs and their associations with violence and organizational capacity.Where youth violence is concerned, there are also studies particularly on school shootings in US public schools (Frymer, 2009 Waldron, 2002 Muschert, 2007) and knife crime in UK (Squires, 2009 Wood, 2010).The concept of moral panic however goes further to explore the profound influen ce of media as an instuitution of social control by dint of amplifying deviance. Attention is given to the ideological role of media and the construction of meanings. In Cohens work of mods and bikers this concept is useful in understanding how they were labelled and controlled, as well as explaining how and why the societys reaction was formed.Concept of moral panic can be characterised by a heightened fear over evildoers and the threat they bring to society. It must have a scapegoat and an obeject to be panicked about. This usually brings about a strengthening of social contol apparatus such as stricter regulations. The indicators of moral panic included high concern over the problem, increasing hostility toward the group employed in the behavior, widespread agreement that the threat is existent, disproportionality in the depiction of problems and volalitily (Goode Ben-Yehuda, 1994). Goode Ben-Yehuda (1994) used three theories to explain what brings about the panic. Interest- group theory looks at moral entrepreneurs use media to vent their concerns their claims undertaken up by significant section of the media and presented as factual (Jenkins, 1992). Elite-engineered theory see the ruling class as deliberately and conciously creating a moral panic over an issue which they see as not terribly harmful to the society to divert the public from more grievous issues. The third- grassroots theory- presented by Goode Ben-Yehuda (1994) is a bottom-up rather than top-down theory of moral panic. This theory looks at public participation in moral panic, where media then magnify real public fears about crime.There has been increasing application of this concept in studying youth and gang violence (Welch, Price, Yankee, 2002 Bartie, 2010 Killingbeck, 2001), and we believe that this concept is relevant to the true issue we are studying. Yet it would be inadequate to dismiss Singapore slashing case merely as a moral panic. As Squires (2009) argued, Cohen (1972) study of Mods and Rockers did also present how moral entrepreneurs have exploited societys reaction for their own agenda. Henceforth, this paper would like to discuss whether the attention given to local cases could be attributed to moral panic.4. Case Studies of Youth Slashing in SingaporeOne of the first attendants, though did receive much attention include one at Pasir Ris on 5th March. The incident was only reported in June where the attackers were prosecuted (tell me if you find another article about this). The other is at Kallang area where a a gang of Sarawakian robbers committed 4 violent thefts, where 1 Indian national was murdered. Below are the high-profile cases1) 30th October 2010 at Downtown East19-year-old Darren Ng Wei Jie died after being assaulted by a group of gang members. The attack started with staring and angry words before he was attacked with choppers and knife. A total of 11 youths were arrested and charged with murder, all of whom were Chinese. The incid ent was seen as gang-related. Ng was later found out to be a member of one of the gangs.2) 8th November 2010 at Bukit Panjang20-year-old Jayasiva Shangar Guru was emasculated and stabbed by a group of gang members. The gang also attacked at Jelapang Road, where another six youths were assaulted. In both incidents, the victims were attacked after denying being a member of Pak Hai Tong gang. The attackers were believed to be members of Sah Lak Kau. There were speculations that nights incident was related to a gang fight earlier that day at 6pm where a group of men were chasing after a teenager taunting him to fight back. A total of fifteen men were arrested. interest the two high-profile slashing cases, there were reports of three others. On 18th November at Ang Mo Kio, two youths got into a dispute outside a fast-food outlet, where eventually one of them attacked the other with a knife. On 24th November at Teck Whye, an off-duty auxiliary gain vigor was attacked by 7 street-gang me mbers who deliberately bumped into him. In December at Yishun Ring Road, a 23-year-old man was reported to have been assaulted by 3 youths of age 13, 15 and 18 after a dispute of missing handphone.5. Societal Response5.1 Media AttentionThe series of attacks have triggered a search for explanations on the phenomenon of rising gang violence. Society seeked to explain the nature of fights, whether it is random or due to revenge, and the structure of gangs, now observed as loose associations different from tradition secret societies. Following Downtown East incident, many reports talked about youth gangs- how staring incidents can lead to violent fights, why youths joined these gangs. News reports of ensuing cases tend to motivate readers about the significant attack at Downtown East and Bukit Panjang that inadvertently create concerns over gang-related violence in Singapore. There were also follow-up reports to cargo area public updated on who has been arrested and charged. Reports o f being arrested were frequent to remind the society of the strict laws and the consequences of such acts. 40 suspected gang members were arrested in blitz carried out by police officers (Yong, 2010). Although there were no details mentioned, the report came with comments by Minister of Home Affairs, K. Shanmugam, to assure the public tough acts were taken to tackle youth gangs. Comments by public figures like Minister of MCYS also bring public attention to at-risk youths on the importance of increase community initiatives to prevent them from gang associations.Beyond print media, synergistic news media seems to play a role in public discourse over the slashing incidents. According to Straits Times on sixth and 4th November 2010, online articles related to the incidents were most read and commented on. News of Bukit Panjang slashing received overwhelming amount of comments from members in ST forum and STOMP and Asiaone News (STOMP Singapore Seen, 2010, The Sraits Times Discussion B oard, 2011 Asiaone News, 2010). While many comments were neither constructive nor substantial, they do reflect publics concern over gang violence and more importantly, question the safety and security department of Singapore society. Again, comments are a way of making sense of the incidences they were many questions of what is happening in society and the youths and whether there is a come-back of gangs. News and visuals in interactive media allow netizens to fuel speculations and fear over these incidences.5.2 Legislation Tackling GangsIn the wake of perceived insecurity at Downtown East, police patrols were stepped up. Zero-tolerance policy was affirmed, as showed in reports where teenagers carrying offensive weapons were arrested and suspected of involvement in gang activities (Straits Times, 2010). In a parliamentary debate, Home Affairs Minister K. Shanmugam stated that 93 gang members were arrested since end October 2010. He also stated the possibily of giving police do-goo deral power to prevent gang formations which include getting youths to observe curfew hours or to attend hitch programmes (Parliament of Singapore, 2011). There was also a suggestion of considering regulating the sale of knives (Parliament of Singapore, 2011). Youth crime was one of the three crime types identified by the police this year (Singapore Police Force, 2011). This is despite a decrease in total number of rioting cases last year. Police efforts of combating youth crime which include working with schools in identifying youths at risk and the StreetWise Programme- that aims to divert youths away from involvement in crime- have been re-emphasized. Such focus can be seen as a way to assure public that something is done to contain the problem of street gangs.It is clear that the series of incidents heightened the fears over youth violence. Before 2010, reports of such slashing incidents were rare.(keywords youth violence and gang violence produced mainly stories from US about American street gangs in Factiva search builder when sources are limited to Straits Times and New Paper.) And because there were little reports, there were little discussions in online forums about gang violence. In list of parliamentary reports from 2006, youth violence only came into attention deep after the incidents. Minister of Home Affairs have emphasised that the crime rates have continually decreased over the years and there is no increase of gang violence lately in Singapore (Parliament of Singapore, 2011). Henceforth, one can conclude that the attention given by the public on slashing and gang violence are a product of a moral panic constructed by the various media portrayals of the incident.6. The Media Politics of Youth Violence in SingaporeTherefore, by concluding that the public concerns on slashing and gang violence are formed as a result of moral panic, we can also conclude that the media plays a pivotal role in the construction of moral panic.The media has univers ally being respected as one of the major actors of disseminating information over the years. Therefore, the media has been trusted to convey the information to the public, operating as moral entrepreneurs informing the readers the goods and bads of society (Cohen, 1972). This influence has made almost every fact conveyed in the media being perceived as the truth, and when the moral value conveyed in the media intercepts with the societal value that of necessity to be protected, even the minor happenings in society will bewilder concerns and instigate fear that some measures should be taken.Thus, the media has used this authority by providing news that instigates fear to the public and arouses concerns about the slashing issue. The frequent follow-ups of the Pasir Ris slashing incident are continuous in nature whereby it tracks down from the initial crime down to the news coverage of the murdered teens funeral and the eventual revelation that he is part of the gang. This surge of ne ws reports are aimed to cause panic and fear of the crimes, and also warns the public about the dangers of gang involvement-as seen from the reports that Darren is part of gang- and the consequences of engaging in such acts. This has instigated fear to the public whereby concerns were directed to the safety of the approach, and parents not allowing their children to return home late at night since the incident happen. The incident in Bukit Panjang has encouraged more residents to take part in the Citizens on Patrol (COP) programme formed by the Zhenghua division in Bukit Panjang, in order to beef up security in the area. (Ismail, 2010)In addition to that, the interest groups, the state as well as the grassroots have used the media as a social control doer to express their concerns towards the conditions of the society. These moral entrepreneurs reach the public through the media such that the news will generate some concerns from the public and get their support in dogmatic the c rime before it goes off-hand. The media amplified the situation by describing the criminals as young, in their teenage years and living in subcultural environment of gang violence (Wong,2010). These facts have amplified the publics response towards the crime when Teen Challenge, a voluntary welfare organization received 20 percent more calls from parents since the slashing cases. The grassroots leaders are working with schools in order to control the issue of gang violence. This is to allow the youths to feel that they are part of the community, and they will feel how important it is to feel accepted by the society. There is therefore, a profound influence of the media as a social control by reporting deviance in a moral elicit manner.7. Criticism of Moral PanicThe moral panic concept has its own criticisms. The problem lies with the proportionality between the cases reported in the media and the reality.The medias role as the average of disseminating information is regulated by t he higher political and commercial forces, The news were received by citizens at second hand which means that is has been manipulated (cohen,1972).Therefore, the citizens panic qualification not be justified since the reality of the case is not known. The issue reported by the media might not carry the same severity as the reality. As most of the time, the media is amplifying the slashing cases in order to instigate fear and gain concern from the public. However, in actual reality, statistics provided by the home affair ministry have shown that crime cases, which include the case of gang violence, have been decreasing (Parliament of Singapore, 2011). It is only when the citizens panic has reached its point (which means that the government has received enough support and concern from the citizens), will then the reality of the case is revealed and the public will then realize that the case that they have been panicky about was an isolated one. On example of this is the Downtown east incident, whereby Pasir Ris MP Dr Ahmad Magad said that the case is an isolated one, and the neighborhood is peaceful. This was stated after receiving feedbacks from worried parents about the safety of their children and security around the neighborhood has already beefed up by the citizen as well as police patrols (Toh, Tee, 2010). This has shown the proportionality between the case reported on media, and the reality, and the citizens agenda of using the media to amplify the case only to gain support and concern from the public.Another point is that the publics reaction towards the issue might not be directly due to panic generated from the media reports, those reaction might be one of the societys concern towards the issue and they would like to help the state take control of the problem before it becomes worse. This is also obvious from the states intervention of the matter, describing the re-examining the sentencing options as allowing an early intervention , in order to help the gangs who are yet to commit criminal offences (Ismail,2010). This implies that the situation is not as serious as it seems to be, and the state is only exercising measures to control the spread of youth violence by controlling its growth before it is too late.In addition to that, the media labeling of the criminals highly deviant and depiction of the gangs as a danger to the not only serves as a self-fulfilling prophecy to the deviants and induce them into committing more offences in the future. Thus, the moral panic not only causes the heightened attention by the public, but also exerts the identity to the gangs that they should be feared. They gain their self-defined meaning of success through displaying their masculinities and these hateful reports are only making these gangs to pursue their goals (Mcrobbie, Thornton, 1995). On example is the follow-up of slashing cases since the downtown east incident, one of which is the Bukit Panjang slashing incident involving 6 youths. It was featured in the Straits Times entitled beware the rise of copycat gangs as well as discussion forums such as Stomp and Straits Times, sparking interests that the case in Bukit Panjang might be a sequel of copycat gang-related attacks to the one in Downtown East. This shows that the moral panic caused by the media did not really help to engage the community and help to eradicate the crime but rather helped the criminals in engaging with more acts as labeling them as gangsters will just sustain their identity and make them continue with their criminal behaviors.However, the media is still regarded as the most reliable medium to get current news reports and therefore its credibility rarely goes unchallenged. The frequent follow-ups by the media, portraying the numerous pictures of the crime scene viewable on the television brings these cases close to reality, with the pictures of the victim that could engage the viewers into believing that something needs to be done with these criminals.(Estrada,2001)8. ConclusionThe case of youth slashing incidents in Singapore has illustrated to us how the media induces moral panic in a society. The concept of moral panic further to explore the profound influence of media as an instuitution of social control through amplifying deviance. Attention is given to the ideological role of media and the construction of meanings.This paper also suggests that moral panic is superficially created by incessant reporting of youth slashing incidents rather than a significant spike in crime rates. In other words, this paper argues that rather than an increase in crime rates involving youths, there was an increase in visibility of such criminals act through exposures from mass media.

Complete Darkness - Original Writing :: Papers

Complete Darkness - Original Writing I woke up in complete darkness with an uncontrollable sharp cutting pain in my jaw, it was the middle of the night and I was about ten, I had been sleeping in the top bunk bed in our Camper Van. I gave out a great cry of pain and I could hear my mum coming down the steps from her cabin bed. She switched on a elation and I could see blood all over the camper vans lineal floor, I could hear my sister Jenna complaining about the bright light that had awoken her from her ample sleep, milliampere told her to go back to sleep. My mum took me up of the floor and placed me into the bed and I can entertain jumping up and down with the pain. understood took me into the bathroom to clean up the blood and I remember her holding me on her knee while she sponged my face with a facecloth. I also remember the bathroom being very small for two people. My stepfather Davy was also at the door of the bathroom and then he turned to clean up the blood from the floor. Mum remarked that I must have put a tooth through my face, as there was a small hole above my lip. When the bleeding stop Mum put me back into bed and I was still in a lot of pain but she stayed with me for a while and comforted me to crusade and make me go back to sleep. After some time Mum decided that she wanted to call the casualty department at Coleraine Hospital to carry their advice on my fall. When she came back I told her that I could feel a hole on the inside of my mouth - my tongue would have gone into it. Mum got a torch and looked in and said nothing. I could hear her going up the steps to the cabin bed and speaking with my stepfather. Next thing I knew was that Mum was telling me we were going to Coleraine Hospital.

Hemingway & the Crack-Up Report :: Fitzgerald Hemingway Essays

Hemingway & the disassemble ReportWorks Cited Missing Between 1935 and 1936, F. Scott Fitzgerald suffered a mental breakdown, which would be referred to as the Crack-Up. Many things precipitated this meltdown including tuberculosis, alcoholism, Zeldas deteriorating condition, and his troubled sense of himself as a man (Donaldson 189). During this period, Fitzgerald had been advised by his doctors to take time off work for the sake of his health. Heeding their advice, he decided to relocate to western sandwich North Carolina, most notably, Hendersonville, for some fresh mountain air. His confessional Crack-Up essays were first published in Esquire Magazine in November 1935. The most well known essays were The Crack-Up, Pasting It Together, and Handle with Care, published in February, March and April of 1936 (www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/facts/facts1.html). These essays were touted as being candid, with the intention of exploring Fitzgeralds dark night of the soul (Donald son 194). In fact, much of the truth is omitted Zeldas illness is not mentioned as a possible factor, and the role of drinking is not credited as a part of Fitzgeralds increasingly severe problem. The most powerful and literary part of his essays is his compelling use of metaphor, most markedly in his referral to himself as being a cracked plate (Donaldson 195). Fitzgerald believed that he had no real self, and the Fitzgerald who existed consisted of borrowed personalities. His intellectual conscience was derived from Edmund Wilson, and his artistic conscience, from Ernest Hemingway (Donaldson 195). Hemingway disagreed entirely with the way Fitzgerald handled his breakdown. In a letter to Maxwell Perkins, Fitzgerald, Hemingway observed that Fitzgerald, has a marvellous talents and the thing is to use it- not whine in public (Donaldson 196). Hemingway also cited two of Fitzgeralds other flaws that contributed to his downfall, both mentally and as a writer. First, Fitzger ald was plagued by a lack of courage second, Fitzgerald never grew up and jumped straight from youth to senility without going through manhood (Donaldson 196). Hemingway never directly wrote to Fitzgerald with criticism. Instead, he much publicly humiliated him in his short story, The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Published in Esquire magazine in August 1936, a passage from the story directly implicates Fitzgerald,They were dull and they drank alike much, or they played